If the FMC-side values are correct, check the proxy server-side values (for example, if the proxy server permits access from the FMC and to tools.cisco.com. Additionally, permit traffic and certificate exchange through the proxy. The FMC uses a certificate for the Smart License registration).
Streamline HR processes, ensure users have the right access to the right resources, enable compliance with industry or government regulations, and improve efficiencies across the board with orchestration and lifecycle management, permissions and entitlements, and directory and federation services.
Open SSH Access Found on Israeli Government DNS Server
By default, Adobe Connect listens on port 1935. Sometimes it is necessary to open ports 80 and 1935 for the Connect servers in the corporate firewall/proxy as well as on the clients running software-based firewall (Participants or Presenters).
When it is impossible for the client to open their corporate firewall or proxy server to accept network traffic on port 1935, the best approach to the problem is to enable SSL for RTMP; RTMPS will then listen at a secure VIP (either in stunnel or on an SSL accelerator or hardware-based load balancing device such as F5 Local Traffic Manager) on 443 and talk back to the Adobe Connect server pool on port 1935.
Even though the best practice is either implementing SSL or opening 1935, there may still be the need to route unsecure RTMP on a port other than 1935; in these cases you must configure the Adobe Connect server to properly to open and listen on additional ports besides 1935 to accommodate the network restrictions limitations and constraints.
The Chinese government uses deep packet inspection to monitor and censor network traffic and content that it claims is harmful to Chinese citizens or state interests. This material includes pornography, information on religion, and political dissent.[25] Chinese network ISPs use DPI to see if there is any sensitive keyword going through their network. If so, the connection will be cut. People within China often find themselves blocked while accessing Web sites containing content related to Taiwanese and Tibetan independence, Falun Gong, the Dalai Lama, the Tiananmen Square protests and massacre of 1989, political parties that oppose that of the ruling Communist party, or a variety of anti-Communist movements[26] as those materials were signed as DPI sensitive keywords already. China previously blocked all VoIP traffic in and out of their country[27] but many available VoIP applications now function in China. Voice traffic in Skype is unaffected, although text messages are subject to filtering, and messages containing sensitive material, such as curse-words, are simply not delivered, with no notification provided to either participant in the conversation. China also blocks visual media sites such as YouTube.com and various photography and blogging sites.[28]
People and organizations concerned about privacy or network neutrality find inspection of the content layers of the Internet protocol to be offensive,[13] saying for example, "the 'Net was built on open access and non-discrimination of packets!"[55] Critics of network neutrality rules, meanwhile, call them "a solution in search of a problem" and say that net neutrality rules would reduce incentives to upgrade networks and launch next-generation network services.[56]
J.P. Morgan is a global leader in financial services, offering solutions to the world's most important corporations, governments and institutions in more than 100 countries. As announced in early 2018, JPMorgan Chase will deploy $1.75 billion in philanthropic capital around the world by 2023. We also lead volunteer service activities for employees in local communities by utilizing our many resources, including those that stem from access to capital, economies of scale, global reach and expertise.
J.P. Morgan is upgrading SSH/SSL keys and certificates in 2022. Clients that utilize these security protocols to connect with us need to update their servers by the end of July 2022. If you are still utilizing outdated keys and/or certificates, your server may be able to auto-update once the current keys expire. In this case, when you access your account, you will see a prompt that you will need to accept to confirm the update.
Users with Linux or programming experience may be more comfortable configuring and operating the console server from the command line. Only Administrators (users in the admin group) have command line access.
Hello, everyone. Today, in this module, we are going to learn hacking web servers and model number 13 in certified ethical hacker and we live in. For so far, we'll start from web server concepts. So web server is a computer system. That stores process and delivers web pages to the clients via HTTP whenever a user requests a web page from a server. What are the components of a web server, document route, that stores critical HTML files, the web pages of a domain name, and server root, stores the server configuration error and executable unlock files. Virtual documentary provides storage on a different machine or disk after the original disk is filled up. And we have virtual hosting that is exactly like virtual machines hosting multiple domains and websites on the same server. And you have a proxy, site in between the web client and the web server to prevent IP blocking and maintain an anomaly. And we have multiple types of servers that are available. For example, we have IAS, which is related to the Microsoft servers and Apache server, especially for the Linux based servers. And we have web server security issues. Attackers usually target software vulnerabilities and configuration errors to compromise web servers. Why? Because this web servers are the friend faced Internet faced victims that are subjected to attacks. And we have networks and OS level attacks that can be detected and defined using firewalls and ideas and et cetera. And web servers are most vulnerable to attacks. Why this attacking happens in web servers. Improper configuration and unnecessary files in proper authentication use of self sign and default signs and lack of propose security policies, security conflicts, unnecessary services, and default settings. Impact. What impact an attack on web server can do? Compromise of Israel account, website defacement, secondary attack from the servers can happen and root access to other servers and data tempering and data theft can happen. DDoS and dos tags can happen by sending fake requests to the servers, results in crashing and making it unavailable for the legitimate user and high profile web servers, banks, and credit card payment gateways, common servers, government services, and steering of user credentials or the major impacts that can happen with us web server. What are the attacks can happen in web servers? DNS server hijacking by changing the DNS settings so that the request is coming towards the target. Server redirected to his or her malicious server. DNS amplification attack can happen and attacker can take advantage of DNS recursive method of DNS redirection to perform DNS amplification attack. So in this way, our attackers use compromised species, the topic that has amplified DDoS attacks on victim DNS server by exploiting DNS recursive method. And we have directory Travis and attacks by using double dot slash and we can use directory traversal method to access some sensitive information in the victim's server. And we have man in the middle attack and sniffing attacks, which allows attacker to intercept communication between clients and web servers to alter communication. And here, attacker will access a proxy. And we are phishing attacks like stealing our friendship to perform and not raise and manages application by making the users logging in a fake web page. We all know that. And website defacement, maliciously alters the visual appearance of a web page. It will expose visitors to some propaganda. And we have web server misconfiguration, configuration weakness in web infrastructure that can be exploited to launch web various attacks on web servers, such as directory traversal, server intrusion and data theft. And we have verbose debug our error messages anonymous are default user passwords, sample configuration and script files in remote administration functions, unnecessary services that are enabled by default and misconfigure our default SSL certificates. These are all comes under web server misconfiguration. For example, HTTP dot config file an Apache server gives server status and current host and PHP file in servers gives verbose error messages. So anyone can come to know that, okay, these are the error messages it is displaying. So we can work on that. In that way, attacker can gain more information about a web server. And HTTP response splitting attack. Adding header response data into the input field so that the server splits the response into two responses. So what will happen? Attack it can control the first response to redirect the user to malicious website. And other response will get rejected by the browser. And web cache poisoning we have, it is mainly used for the directing to the malicious site by using the web cache source which is available in the server. So attackers use web cache content for random URL with infected content. So users are web cache source and unknowingly use the python content instead of true content. And they can be directed to the malicious site. What is this SSH brute forcing attack? SLS are used to create an created an encrypted SSH channel between two hosts. Okay, in order to transfer and encrypt the data over an insecure network. So attacker can root for the SS login credential to gain an authorized access. It can be used transfer malware so that exploits to the victims without being detected. And we have password tracking techniques, main targets are SMTP servers as channels, FTP servers, and web pharma authentication cracking to behave as a valid user. Attackers use these kind of password tagging techniques to crack our guests by performing dictionary attacks with tools like canon Apple Hydra and Medusa, multiple routes are there to do this password tracking attacks. And we have the publication attacks like parameter fam tampering, cookie tampering, session hijacking, dos attacks, access attacks, CSRF attacks, source code disclosure, directory traversal, unvalidated input and file injection attacks, SQL injection, command injection attacks. So we will see some of our top ten attacks from the next module. And we have SQL injection, a separate model for SQL injection. We will learn that also. And we have web server attack methodology. What is this? We have information gathering. Tips of a footprinting and enumerating web server using end map. And website measuring, then finding default potentials of web server, then finding default contents of web server, then directory listings of web server, then vulnerability scanning and exploiting the vulnerabilities using exploit EBITDA, session hijacking, password tracking, then using application server as a proxy tool. Okay, so we have various steps to carry out the web server attack. We have various methodology to carry out the attack. So what are all these things? We'll see one by one. In information gathering, you need to gather lots of information about target company by using Internet, news groups are bulletin boards, et cetera like that. And you have to use who is that, then, to look up what are the domain names and IP addresses about your domain. And robots actually robot that THC contains, list of web server directories and files. So you have to look for that out. And you have web server footprinting and banner grabbing in the next step, which gives you a system level data like operating system, account details, server names, and database schema details. And tell that a web server to gather information and net graph HTTP account IDs of tools can help to perform footprinting. And other tools like netcat, IT server, account energy, unis can in map spider port multiple tools are available to start this web server for printing and banner grab it. And how you can do this thing by using en map. Enumerate web server using nmap. If you have multiple comments to carry out these things, we have already seen this as we give them enumeration of services and version and hyphen O indicates the operating system details type on P for enumeration of codes. And this script is used for two, enable the information about HTTP. And that you have to give the target IP also and in here you will give you front page login and it will give you the HTTP password and arguments for password and target IP address. So you have to use various scripts to carry out the enumeration processing web server. And we have web server footprinting, we will be using HTTP track web copy, we use in session three scanning and we try to copy a whole website to the local space and we try to access each and everything in the local environment. And you have to find default ranches of web server. Many web servers administrative interface of public key accessible and located in web group directly. And many are not properly configured and set to default. To identify and the running application interface then consult administrative interface documentation and identify passwords. Use built in database to scan the server, open a set dot net like that. And password guessing and brute force attacks have to carry out this default credentials of web service thing. Finding default contents of web servers. Default contains and functionalities allowing attackers to liberate the attack. Checking for sample and testing the functionality, powerful functions and installation manuals. You can use Nick to exploit DB dot com security to focus your security scope to identify the default content. And we have finding director listings of web server. Requesting for the directory will return resource within the directory, errors are listing up directly and tests. And direct realistic sometimes causes the vulnerability like improper access control, access to web roots service, making a request for some directory and try to access the directory listings. And we have valuable scanning scanning for vulnerabilities to identify the weakness in network and data mine. The security posture and using of security vulnerabilities scanner to find out the active system network services and applications like acuity can be used for vulnerability scanner. And exploitable vulnerabilities can be found by security focus dot com and exploit DB dot com. And session hijacking, you can do in web applications by sniffing the valid session IDs to gain another access to the web server. And using a cross site scripting and session fixation attack to capture valid session cookies and ideas. And use tools like bob shoot 5 sheep and J hijack, et cetera to carry this HIV method. And we have possible tracking tools like brute forcing method, dictionary attacks using hashcat Hydra and incorrect, et cetera. And you have to use application server as a proxy. Web service with forwarding and reverse HTTP proxy functions enable our implied by the attackers to perform following attacks. Attacking third party systems on Internet, connecting to orbital hosts and the organization internal network, connecting back to the other services running as proxy hosted itself. I'm going to attack us use git and connect requests to use vulnerable web servers as a proxy to connect and obtain information from system using proxy servers. And we have web server attacking tools in matter slide. Okay, we have Metasploit, meta split is a hub of hackers, and we're going to use this metal display. And I've already explained all these modules in module switch system hacking, and we will revise this quick. Okay. So fully automated expedition of web servers by using known vulnerability and leveraging weak passwords like via Telenet SSH and HTTP and SNL. So matter smart exploit module can be used to encapsulate an exploit with a single expired this model comes with meta information fields and using mixing features users can also modify behavior dynamically brute force attacks and attempting passive expression dog. Simply you can exploit a victim's mission using this model. And we have payload module. It establishes a communication channel between management framework and victim host. So it combines arbitrary code that can be executed as a result of exploit succeeding to generate password first select a payload using command and use like window shell reverse GCPD's kind of payload model, we can use to create an exploit. So this payload is a bunch of code that can be used in X prime to make your expert as successful one. Next, you have an auxiliary module. It can be used to perform arbitrary reports scanning does even fuzzing also it can do this kind of auxiliary actions to run and exploit the command. And no ops model is there. We have this module to generate no operation in section used for blocking out buffers. It can be used to generate command and gender to no operations fled of an arbitrary size and displayed in a given format. For example, you can use x86 option two, and you can generate this one, and you can create an op model. And we have web server attack tools like we fetch and Hydra and impact and W three AF multiple web server tracking tools are there. Okay, so in here, let's do all these things practically, let's try to enumerate some information about our target server in here. And in here, the tools of 13 module hacking web server, we have two tools in here in web server footprinting, and we have a bunch of word list in here for usernames and passwords. And we are not going to use that in here. I have myself made up for listening here, which is ready for cracking up FTE credentials. We have seen that FTP proposing FSS input was FTP all comes under the web application, the web server group facing attacks. Okay, so we will see this in a bit and now we have HTTP recon and ID serve tools to find out the information about certain IP addresses. So in here, what I'm going to do, I'm going to use an IP address from showdown website. A web server IP address. So to for demo purposes, I'm using this IP address, do not use it for malicious intent and malicious activities. It is purely not advisable. Okay, so I'll just click analyze. And analyze the whole thing, and it will give me the details related to that server. And get long requests. I can nonexisting. One, you can clearly understand that this thing is working with Apache server with various version. You can go over fingerprinting details. And as you take your request, it is carrying out data server content length and keep alive and what are the things you can get what are the things you can get here from this web server. It can easily fingerprint in here. And you can do for go for configuration, fingerprinting, and fingerprinting again, and fingerprinting, you can go for analyze, reanalyze, and open website and browser what that website is having or online fingerprint database. Let's check what we have in open website in browser. It is opening any browser or anything or it is just stopping it here. See, it is sent to his web panel dot com and it is the homepage of the server and we didn't get any web page specific web page here. And this web page, this web server is hosted in India, Hyderabad. And do not again do not use it for malicious intent. You should not use it. It's purely illegal. And you can go for multiple requests head options come and delete existing test method and what are the methods that are allowed in the request. You can easily analyze this one and attack requests. You can try in this one. And various ports, you can specify in here. What does that specific port that web server is hosted on? AT or 81 for three or 800. If it is in four four three, that means it is HTTPS. Obviously, it is automatically changing in here. And four 80 81 and 8 80 88 four four three 8. Anything you can give in here with the help of this tool, HTTP. It's a very good tool to enumerate and to gather lots of information about your target web server. So we got some information in here. We tried together some information about your web server. That is okay now. And let me check in here. I have a machine learning in here. One level machine, let me check that one in two or one 68 that one that 6. Okay. So let me check that one in here, four 80. Analyze? Not phone, okay? That means port 80 is not running there. And it gave me the information about the server Apache 2.2 .8. And open two and content length, everything is here, but the request we have made is not returning the result that we are expecting. And you can go for test method, delete existing options existing head is also existing. Lot comes existing. And what we have in here. Okay, this thing is working. And it is running run with PHP version 5.2 .4 and open to 5.2 .4. Lots of information we can get in here. And let's go for match three implementations are there matching Apache server is this versions are there. And this suddenly information about your target web server, what are the frameworks and informations and they are using what everything you can get in here about your target web server. So this way you can easily collect lots of information about your server. Let me check with another tool. We have another tool called ID serve. So in this ID serve, you can give the same IP address in here. There's query the server. And it is looking for the domain name or IP address. And it will give me the Apache 2.4 .939 and it is running with unique operating system and open SSL server. And you have a version also. And the query is complete, and you can see the server query processing requests that it is made. And it is returning 200 okay response. And you can check for background after ID serve tool. Okay. So it's a very basic tool to gather lots of information about your target web server. Okay, it is simply like Internet server. Identification. So that's it. In here with this tool, the same thing we can go for HTTP HTTP account holds tons of information about your target server. And we'll now try to connect FTP passwords in here with the help of Khalid Linux. Okay, so I have my color index operating system running in here. So what I'm going to do, I'm going to crack an FTP username and password. You can use hydro tool for tracking a podcast version here. Let me check the Hydra help so that I can explain what we can do in Hydra. Hydride is a tool for blue fusing. In here, you can if you know the username, you can go for lower case L if you don't know the username you have to go for. If you upper case L, in case if you have a birthday in your hands. And you can go for iPhone P if you know the password are the upper case P if you don't know the password. That one. Okay, for example, we don't know anything now. We just have a bunch of usernames and password lists of files. I'm going to use two passwords usernames and password is file. This one. And most of users must have password. I already have that username and password selected one in here, which is going to crack it. Okay, why? Because if I use other passwords and other dictionary files, it will take it will take hours of time to grow for it. So for demo purpose for showing for the educational purpose, I'm going to use this metaphor vulnerable machine to brute force the FTP password. So let me clear the screen and we'll start cracking now. Hydra, iPhone capital L, the upper KCL. And I'm going to give the specific absolute path my username was to MSF user. We use it as THD. And upper case P for the password list. So this proof voicing is totally totally lies on your dictionary file. And I gave the password in here. I'm going to give the IP address. Okay, one 91 68 that when that 6 is my IP. And you need to give the service that you're going to attack. You can give SSH, and it can give SMB or you can give FTP or anything. Here, I'm going to attract the FTP one, so I'm giving FTP. And in here, you can add hyphen key 5 or four laying it. What is this hyper T 5 thread? Of your attacking. And you can give the task the task actually high 20 for task. You can give them, you can unlock a number of tasks for proposing. So I'm not going to give in yet because the dictionary file I'm using is very small. It will not take more than 30 seconds for a brute force. Okay, so let's check in here. We can brute force the usernames and password of this machine successfully or not. So let's start attacking again four 21s. Can you see this? The FTP host login MSF admin and password MSF admin login users password. Okay, let's try to access this machine. FTP and one 92 that .68 one 6. Let's check the username and password is correct or not. Okay, it is asking for growth name. And I'm going to give MSF admin. In the password is also MSF admin. You see? We got the successful login in here. And we are now successfully logged in. And we have the vulnerable SKL Lima lab. Lots of things we have in here. I can go for CD. Vulnerable. Okay, tap this mug in here. Successfully change. And you can see the key sambar MySQL a lot of things are there in the victim's server on the other target server. So matter 5 Volt will be our target server in here. And get successfully logged in with the FTP. And you come to know how to brute force as such FTP and SMB web servers and can work for the login panel. So you have to give the HTTP log in a farm details in here where you are going to attack specifically in that web page and you can work for the Hydra, the farm also. But when it comes to the Instagram or the Facebook, so you can not work for us in this way. Right? They are using the blocking of your IP address after three or four angular successful attempts. So if a dictionary file does not contain the possible username and password in minimum trauma of tribes, so automatically they will block your IP. So you can not try this brute causing attacking. Facebook and Instagram and Twitter, this kind of login forms. Okay. So you need to use this kind of group forcing attacks in various situations and various conditions. Okay. So this is how we can try to gain access with the servers even. So I can show you this book forcing attack directly in this service. From Shodan, but I don't want to show that because it's purely illegal. I will be in a bigger problem. So I just use a modest variable vulnerable demo machine here to show. So I'll always do this kind of activities with authorities. Okay. That makes you an ethical hacker. That makes you a different one from normal hackers. So that's it in here. In practical session. Okay, next we come here for the countermeasure steps. How you can take countermeasures to attack how we can take countermeasures to defend this attack us before hacking web servers. Place web servers in separate secure server security segment on the network. An ideal web hosting network should be designed with at least three segments, namely Internet segment. Secure server security management. That is a DMZ internal network. So in DMZ, isolated from public network, as well as the internal network. So firewall should be placed for internal network as well. And then Internet traffic going through its DMZ as well. Okay. So for a simply, you can say you have to deploy DMZ for the public facing the Internet facing web servers. And how you can take countermeasures by using patches and updates. Scan for vulnerabilities, fashion updates servers software regularly. Before applying any service pack and hard fixed security patch, read and peer review all documentation, apply all the updates, test the service pack and patches in non production environment because it will not be affecting the production time or production and environment and ensure several outages are scheduled and a complete set of backup tapes and repel disk are available and have a backup plan. Scheduled periodic service pack upgrades. Never try to have more than two service packs behind. Always update your service packs in a lot of time. And we have countermeasures with protocols. Block unnecessary protocols. ICMP SMB portables have to be blocked. Hard on TCP IP and apply updates. And top three and FPP are news, then provide secure authentication communication for example by using policies. For example, by using IP policies, disable web, use tunneling and encryption for remote access, counter meshes using accounts. They move all unused and application extensions. Disable unused default accounts when creating new web root directory grant least possible NFT has permission to user being used from IS server. Eliminate unnecessary database users and store procedures, use secure web formations and TFS permissions, .NET framework, access control mechanisms, include your authorizations. Use tongue password policy, which low brute force and dictionary attacks run process using lease privilege accounts always as well as risk privilege services and user accounts. And we need to take counter measures in files and direct results. Eliminate unnecessary files within job files, disable server of distributions, eliminate sensitive configuration information within the bytecode, avoid mapping up virtual directories between two different servers. Monitor and check the locks, like service log with access logs and database server logs. And disable certain file types by creating resource mapping. And detecting web server hacking attempts. How you can do this, use website change detection system to direct hacking attempts. And running specific scripts on server to detect any changes made in the EXT files are new files and periodically compare the hash values on the web server with respect to master hash value to detect the changes. We know hash is very well known for integrity and alerting the user upon any change and you can use tools like website CDS and all. How to define against web server attacks. Four server machine code access security. Auditing for services limiting the traffics and when it comes to server certificates, ensure the certificate data range for certificates and remote run certificate public key and machine dot config ensure the protected resources are mapped to HTTP forbidden handler, and HTTP modules are removed. And code access security can be carried out by implementing secure coding practices, restricting code access security policy and configuring IIS to reject URLs with data slash in these kind of things. The directory traversal code. And you are a scan is a security tool that restricting the type of HTTP request that IES process. Prevent potentially harmful requests filter the request based on set up rules by admin mitigate SQL injection, and it provides W3C formatted logs for easier log file analysis through log processing solutions like Microsoft versus 2.2. And how to defend against the game. Chosen, I can accredit register and increase them to set register log on domain name. Save got the resistant account info, include DNS I checking into incident response and business container planning. Avoid downloading audio and video from untested sites. And change default router password use DNS monitoring and use an upgrade antivirus program regularly. And we have patch management. Hard fixes are an update to fix specific customer issue and not always dissipated outside the customer organization. A package is a small piece of software, designed to fix problems. For example, if you are updating your mobile phones often, your Android mobile phones are macOS, that means they are giving you some patches to your mobile phones regular period of time. For that patches, you need to spend some personal time. Why? Because we need to be more secure. So we need to update our phone with the patches, which is given by the vendor. Why we need to do that, we need to fix the problem, security, whatever it is, and box to improve performance. And we have repair job through the programming problem also in that. And we have hard fix are some times packages as a set of fixed call combined hard fix or service pack. What is patch management? Tax payment is processed to ensure appropriate prices are installed on a system and help fix known vulnerabilities. Acquire and test deploy and maintain. And installation of a pads can be done by identifying appropriate sources for updates and patches and installation of paths and implementation and verification of security patch. Okay, we can be done by patch management plan. And you can do users install patches via WW and manual. You can downloading the help of some applications. And by verifying the source and you can use proper pass management program and you can be able to monitor the path system. We can use multiple tools for that like GFI language software number to manage our 360 pass analyzer and cement client management suit and we have retina CS and Acuna takes WBS and we have saint scanner and web application security scanners like hand and stackers games, server scan my server, money tools are there. And how you can carry out this web server penetration testing. To identify the target, search open-sources for information about the targeting news groups and all and perform social engineering with the help of social networking and dumpster diving, query the whole database and document all the findings of the target. And you have to start with fingerprinting the web server using net cap and HTTP recon and crawl the website using HTTP track and enumerate the web server directories using nmap and perform directly drivers attack using tab and examine the configuration files per formula because it's meant an HTTP responsibility with cache pricing, track web server authentication and brute force has said FTP and other services perform session management attacks and web application attacks and web server attacks, logs and exploit framework and document all the findings. So these web application attacks and web application penetration testing, you can carry out from the next module by understanding the overall top ten top ten vulnerabilities that you need to look for when you go for the web application penetration testing. And we can use core impact to carry out this web application web server penetration testing. In a very step by step manner. So that's it for in here. And I hope you can carry out the web application presentation testing and you can take this web application web server penetration testing as your career, and you can choose multiple domains. You know, as I've already said in the very first class, you can choose your career from certificate hacker in. And you can choose a various domains in cybersecurity. So that's why I said certified ethical hackers certification will give you a quite vision where you can set your path in cybersecurity. That's it for today. And we'll see you on the next module. Thank you. 2ff7e9595c
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